The smoke of their torment (ο καπνος του βασανισμου αυτων). See 9:5 for βασανισμος, only there it was a limited penalty, here it i…

And the smoke of their torment. The smoke proceeding from their place of torment. This language is probably derived from the acco…

For ever and ever.—Or, to ages of ages. The imagery of the smoke going up reminds us of the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorr…

And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever: and they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his image, and wh…

The explicit reference to the certain judgment of the beast worshipers links this section to ch. 13. Through an OT figure of eschatological judgmen…

And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and
ever
That is, the smoke of t…

The progress of the Reformation appears to be set forth here. The four proclamations are plain in their meaning, so that all Christians may be enco…