Commentaries
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He hardeneth (σκληρυνε). Pharaoh hardened his own heart also (Exodus 8:15,32; 9:34), but God gives men up also (1:24,2…
Albert Barnes
AlbertBarnes
Therefore he has mercy, and so on. This is a conclusion stated by the apostle as the result of all the argument.
Whom he will h…
Charles Ellicott
CharlesEllicott
Summary conclusion from the above.
He hardeneth.—The doctrine of divine sovereignty is expressed here in its most …
Charles Spurgeon
CharlesSpurgeon
For the scripture saith unto Pharaoh, Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might show my power in thee, and that my name mi…
Expositor's Bible Commentary
Expositor'sBible Commentary
God’s dealings with Jacob and Esau might be challenged as arbitrary, on the ground that Esau was the object of injustice. To demonstrate that this …
John Calvin
JohnCalvin
To whom he wills then he showeth mercy, etc. Here follows the conclusion of both parts, which can by no means be understood as being the l…
John Gill
JohnGill
Therefore has he mercy on whom he will
These are the express words of the former testimony: it follows,
Matthew Henry
MatthewHenry
Whatever God does, must be just. The way in which the holy, happy people of God differ from others, God's grace alone makes them differ. In this pr…
Thomas Aquinas
ThomasAquinas
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After showing that by God’s choice one person is preferred to another—not based on works but on the grace of the one calling—the Apostle …
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A.T. Robertson
A.T.Robertson