Albert Barnes Commentary Job 1:21

"and he said, Naked came I out of my mother`s womb, and naked shall I return thither: Jehovah gave, and Jehovah hath taken away; blessed be the name of Jehovah." — Job 1:21 (ASV)

And said, Naked I came out - That is, destitute of property, for so the connection demands; (compare to 1 Timothy 6:7); “For we brought nothing into this world, and it is certain we can carry nothing out.” A similar expression also occurs in Pliny, “Hominem natura tantum nudum.” (Natural History, proem, Book 7). Job felt that he was stripped of all, and that he must leave the world as destitute as he entered it.

My mother’s womb - The earth—the universal mother. That he refers to the earth is apparent, because he speaks of returning there again. The Chaldee adds קבוּרתא לבית (lebēyt qebûratā’)—“to the house of burial.” The earth is often called the mother of mankind (see Cicero, De Natura Deorum 2.26).

Dr. Good remarks that “the origin of all things from the earth introduced, at a very early period of the world, the superstitious worship of the earth, under the title of Dameter, or the ‘Mother-goddess,’ a Chaldee term, probably common to Idumea at the time of the existence of Job himself. It is from this that the Greeks derive their Δημήτηρ (Dēmētēr, Demeter), or as they occasionally wrote it Γημήτηρ (Gēmētēr, Ge-meter), or Mother Earth, to whom they appropriated annually two religious festivals of extraordinary pomp and solemnity.

Thus, Lucretius says (v. 793):

Linquitur, ut merito maternum nomen adepta
Terra sit, e terra quoniam sunt cuncta creata.

—“Whence justly earth
Claims the dear name of mother, since alone
Flowed from herself whatever the sight enjoys.”

For a full account of the views of the ancients regarding the “marriage” (ἱερός γάμος, hieros gamos) of the “heaven” and the “earth,” from which union all things were supposed to proceed, see Creuzer’s Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Völker, Erster Theil, p. 26 and following.

And naked - Stripped of all, I will go to the common mother of the race. This is exceedingly beautiful language; and in the mouth of Job it was expressive of the most submissive piety. It is not the language of complaint but was in him connected with the deep feeling that the loss of his property was to be traced to God, and that He had a right to do as He had done.

The Lord gave - Hebrew יהוה (y^ehovâh). He had nothing when he came into the world, and all that he had obtained had been by the good providence of God. As He gave it, He had a right to remove it. Such was the feeling of Job, and such is the true language of submission everywhere. Anyone who has a proper view of what he possesses will feel that it is all to be traced to God, and that He has a right to remove it when He pleases.

And the Lord has taken away - It is not by accident; it is not the result of haphazard; it is not to be traced to storms and winds and the bad passions of people. It is the result of intelligent design, and whoever has been the agent or instrument in it, it is to be referred to the overruling providence of God. Why did Job not vent his wrath on the Sabeans? Why did he not blame the Chaldeans? Why did he not curse the tempest and the storm?

Why did he not blame his sons for exposing themselves? Why not suspect the malice of Satan? Why not suggest that the calamity was to be traced to bad fortune, to ill-luck, or to an evil administration of human affairs? None of these things occurred to Job. He traced the removal of his property and his loss of children at once to God, and found consolation in the belief that an intelligent and holy Sovereign presided over his affairs, and that He had removed only what He gave.

Blessed be the name of the Lord - That is, blessed be Yahweh—the “name” of anyone in Hebrew being often used to denote the person himself. The Syriac, Arabic, and some manuscripts of the Septuagint here add “forever.” “Here,” says Schmid, “the contrast is observable between the object of Satan, which was to induce Job to renounce God, and the result of the temptation which was to lead Job to bless God.” Thus far, Satan had been foiled, and Job had sustained the shock of the calamity and showed that he did not serve God on account of the benefits which he had received from Him.