Albert Barnes Commentary Job 16:13

"His archers compass me round about; He cleaveth my reins asunder, and doth not spare; He poureth out my gall upon the ground." — Job 16:13 (ASV)

His archers - He does not come alone to shoot at me; He has employed a company of bowmen, who also direct “their” arrows against me. The word used here, רב rab, properly means “much, large,” and “great”; and is applied to that which is powerful or mighty. It is nowhere else used in the sense of “archers” and might be rendered “His many”—that is, His bands, hosts, or armies. But as all the ancient versions render it “arrows” or “archers,” that sense is probably to be retained. An allusion is made here to those who claimed to be Job’s friends but who now showed, in his view, that they were merely sharp-shooters under the control of God, to deepen his woes.

He cleaveth my reins asunder - With His arrows. They penetrate completely through me.

He poureth out my gall - The word “gall” means the “bile”—the yellowish-green, bitter fluid secreted in the liver. A similar figure occurs in Lamentations 2:11: My liver is poured upon the earth. Among the pagan poets, also, the “liver” is represented as pierced, and as pouring out gore. Thus, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 442: θιγγάνει πρὸς ἧπαρ thinganei pros hēpar. So also 801: Δῆγμα λύπης ἐφ᾽ ἧπαρ προσικνεῖται Dēgma lupēs eph' hēpar prosikneitai. So in the Iliad, xiii. 412, xx. 469, 470. The meaning here is, “I am transfixed with a deadly wound, and must die. God has come upon me as an armed man, and has pierced my vitals.”