Albert Barnes Commentary Job 34:37

"For he addeth rebellion unto his sin; He clappeth his hands among us, And multiplieth his words against God." — Job 34:37 (ASV)

For he addeth rebellion unto his sin – To the sin which he has formerly committed and which has brought these trials upon him, he now adds the sin of complaining and rebellion against God. Of Job, this was certainly not true to the extent which Elihu intended, but it is a very common case in afflictions.

A man is visited with calamity as a chastisement for his sins. Instead of searching out the cause why he is afflicted, or bowing with resignation to the superior wisdom of God when he cannot see any cause, he regards himself as unjustly dealt with. He complains of the government of God as severe and gives occasion for a severer calamity in some other form. The result is often that he is visited with severe affliction and is made to see both his original offense and the accumulated guilt which has made a new form of punishment necessary.

He clappeth his hands amongst us – To clap the hands is either a signal of applause or triumph, or a mark of indignation (Numbers 24:10), or of derision (Job 27:23). It seems to be used in some such sense here, expressing contempt or derision for the sentiments of his friends.

The meaning is that instead of treating the subject under discussion with a calm spirit and a disposition to learn the truth and profit by it, Job had manifested great disrespect in relation to the whole matter. He had conducted himself like one who attempts to silence others or who shows his contempt for them by clapping his hands at them. It is scarcely necessary to say that, notwithstanding all the professed candor and impartiality of Elihu, this is a most unfair representation of the general spirit of Job.

That he had sometimes given vent to improper feelings there can be no doubt, but nothing had occurred to justify this statement.

And multiplieth his words against God – That is, his arguments are against the justice of God’s government and dealings. In the special phrase used here—he multiplieth words—Elihu means, probably, to say that there was more of words than of argument in what Job had said.

Elihu further implies that Job was not content even with expressing his improper feelings once, but that he piled words on words, and epithet on epithet, so that he might more fully give utterance to his reproachful feelings against his Maker.