Albert Barnes Commentary Numbers 34

The land of Canaan - The name Canaan is here restricted to the territory west of the Jordan.

The southern boundary began at the Dead Sea. The broad and desolate valley by which the depressed bed of that sea is protected to the south is called the Ghor. A deep, narrow glen enters it at its southwest corner; it is called Wady-el-Fikreh and is continued in the same southwestern direction under the name of Wady el-Marrah, a wady which disappears among the hills belonging to “the wilderness of Zin”; and Kadesh-barnea (see Numbers 13:26 note), which is “in the wilderness of Zin,” will be, as the text implies, the southernmost point of the southern boundary.

From there, if Kadesh is identical with the present Ain el-Weibeh, westward to the river, or brook of Egypt (now Wady el-Arish), is a distance of about seventy miles. In this interval were Hazar-addar and Azmon. The former was perhaps the general name of a district of Hazerim, or nomad hamlets , of which Adder was one; and Azmon is perhaps to be identified with Kesam (the modern Kasaimeh), a group of springs situated in the north of one of the gaps in the ridge and a short distance west of Ain el-Kudeirat.

(Others consider the boundary line to have followed the Ghor along the Arabah to the south of the Azazimeh mountains, from there to Gadis around the southeast of that mountain, and from there to Wady el-Arish.)

The northern border. On “Mount Hor,” compare the note on Numbers 20:22. Here the name denotes the whole western crest of Mount Lebanon, 80 miles in length, commencing east of Sidon, and terminating with the point immediately above the entrance of Hamath .

The extreme point in the northern border of the land was the city of Zedad (Sadad), about 30 miles east of the entrance of Hamath. Hence, the border turned back southwestward to Ziphron (Zifran), about 40 miles northeast of Damascus. Hazar-enan may be conjecturally identified with Ayun ed-Dara, a fountain situated in the very heart of the great central chain of Antilibanus.

Shepham, the first point after Hazar-enan, is unknown. The name Riblah is interpreted by some as Har-bel, that is, “the Mountain of Bel;” the Har-baal-Hermon of Judges 3:3. No more striking landmark could be identified than the summit of Hermon, the southernmost and by far the loftiest peak of the whole Antilibanus range, rising to a height of 10,000 feet, and overtopping every other mountain in the Holy Land. Ain, meaning the fountain, is understood to be the fountain of the Jordan; and it is in the plain at the southwestern foot of Hermon that the two most celebrated sources of that river, those of Daphne and of Paneas, are located.

The “Sea of Chinnereth” is better known by its later name of Gennesaret, which is supposed to be only a corruption of Chinnereth. The border ran parallel to this sea, along the line of hill about 10 miles further east.

Of the representatives previously selected through Moses, who were all princes, that is, heads of chief families in their respective tribes , Caleb alone, from the tribe of Judah, is also known to us (see Numbers 13:4 and following).

The order in which the tribes are named is peculiar to this passage. If they are taken in pairs—Judah and Simeon, Benjamin and Dan, Manasseh and Ephraim, Zebulun and Issachar, Asher and Naphtali—the order of these pairs agrees with the order in which their allotments in the Holy Land, also taken in pairs, followed one another on the map from south to north.