Albert Barnes Commentary Psalms 58:11

"So that men shall say, Verily there is a reward for the righteous: Verily there is a God that judgeth in the earth." — Psalms 58:11 (ASV)

So that a man shall say—That is, everyone will say, or people everywhere will see this. This expresses the result of a close observation of divine dealings among people. The conclusion from these dealings is:

1. That there is, on the whole, a reward for the righteous on earth, or that righteousness tends to secure the favor of God and to promote human happiness; and

2. That there is a God—a just Being presiding over human affairs.

A reward for the righteous—Margin, as in Hebrew, “fruit for the righteous.” That is, righteousness will produce its appropriate “fruits,” as trees that are cultivated will reward the cultivator. The idea is that there is a course of things on earth, even with all that is mixed and mysterious, which is favorable to virtue; which shows that there is an “advantage” in being righteous; which demonstrates that there is a moral government; and which makes it certain that God is the friend of virtue and the enemy of vice, and that He is the friend of holiness and an enemy of sin. Compare to 1 Timothy 4:8.

Verily he is a God that judgeth in the earth—Or, truly there is a God who judges on the earth. In other words, the course of things demonstrates that the affairs of the world are not left to chance, to fate, or to mere physical laws. There are results of human conduct which show that there is a “Mind” that presides over all, that there is One who has a purpose and plan of His own, and that there is One who “administers” government, rewarding the good and punishing the wicked.

The argument is that there is a course of things that cannot be explained on the supposition that the affairs of earth are left to chance, that they are controlled by fate, that they are regulated by mere physical laws, or that they take care of themselves. There is clear proof of divine interposition in these affairs, and clear proof that, on the whole and in the final result, that interposition is favorable to righteousness and opposed to sin.

In other words, no one can take the “facts” that occur on the earth and explain them satisfactorily, except on the supposition that there is a God. All other explanations fail; and while it must be admitted that numerous difficulties meet us even on this supposition, yet all other suppositions utterly fail to give any intelligible account of what occurs in our world.

See this argument stated in a manner which cannot be confuted, in Bishop Butler’s Analogy, Part 1, Chapter 3.