Charles Ellicott Commentary 1 Samuel 1:3

"And this man went up out of his city from year to year to worship and to sacrifice unto Jehovah of hosts in Shiloh. And the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, priests unto Jehovah, were there." — 1 Samuel 1:3 (ASV)

Went up out of his city yearly.—The Hebrew expression rendered "yearly" is found in Exodus 13:10, and there refers to the Feast of Unleavened Bread, the Passover. There is little doubt that this great national festival is referred to here. It was the Passover that the whole family was accustomed to keep at the sanctuary of the Eternal.

The writer places in strong contrast the piety and devotion which evidently still existed in the family life of many in Israel with the fearful disorders and crime which disfigured the priestly life in those days. There were, no doubt, many in Israel who, like Elkanah and his house, honoured the name of the Lord, while the recognised rulers and religious guides of the people, like the sons of Eli the high priest, too often lived in open and notorious sin.

Unto the Lord of hosts.—This is the first time in the Old Testament that we find the well-known title of the Eternal, “Jehovah Sabaoth,” Lord of hosts.

It is calculated that this title of God occurs 260 times in the Old Testament, but it is not found in any of the books written or compiled before this time. In the New Testament it is used only once .

This glorious title, with which Isaiah (who uses it some sixty times) and Jeremiah (some eighty times) have especially made us familiar, represented Jehovah, the Eternal One, as ruler over the heavenly hosts—that is, over the angels and the stars. The stars were conceived to be the dwelling places of these immortal beings.

The idea of their invisible God-Friend being the sovereign Master of a host of those innumerable glorious beings usually known as angels, or messengers, was not unfamiliar to Hebrew thought. For instance, already in the story of Jacob we find the patriarch calling the angels who appeared to him the camp of God (Genesis 32:1–2).

In the blessing of Moses, in the magnificent description of the giving of the law on Sinai (Deuteronomy 33:2), we read of ten thousands of saints (Kodesh). The glorious Angel who allowed Joshua to worship him under the towers of Jericho (Joshua 5:14) speaks of himself as captain or prince of the host of the Lord.

It is especially noteworthy that this stately title of the real King in Israel, which afterwards became so general, first appears here in the Books of Samuel, which tell of the establishment of an earthly sovereignty over the tribes. It was the solemn protest of Samuel and his school against any overshadowing of the mighty but invisible sovereignty of the Eternal by the passing splendours and the outward pomp of an earthly monarchy set up over the people.

It also told foreign peoples that the God who loved Israel was also the star ruler, the Lord of the whole universe, visible and invisible.

In Shiloh.—That is, rest. This sacred city was situated in Ephraim. It became the sanctuary of Israel in the time of Joshua, who set up the tent of the Tabernacle there.

Shiloh, as the permanent seat of the Ark and the Tabernacle, was the religious centre of Israel during the entire period of the judges. On rare occasions the sacred tent, and all or part of the holy furniture, seems to have been temporarily moved to such places as Mizpah and Bethel, but its regular home was Shiloh. At the time of the birth of Samuel, and during his younger days, the high priest resided there, and the religious families of the people were in the habit of making an annual pilgrimage to this, the central sanctuary of the worship of Jehovah.

The priests of the Lord.—The mention of these two priests of the Lord by no means suggests that the ritual of the Tabernacle had become so meagre and deficient as to require the services of only two or three ministers; indeed, the contrary is indicated by the description of just one portion of the ceremonies given in the next chapter. These two, Hophni and Phinehas, are referred to here specially by name for several reasons:

1. On account of their rank and connection with the high priest Eli, to whose high dignity one of the brothers would probably succeed.
2. Because these unfortunate men were involved in one of the great historical disasters of the people.
3. The writer, out of many servants of the sanctuary, chose these two prominent figures to illustrate the terrible state of corruption into which the priesthood had fallen.

Bishop Wordsworth here draws a curious but suggestive lesson: “Although Hophni and Phinehas were among the priests, yet Elkanah and Hannah did not separate themselves from the service of the sanctuary when they ministered—a lesson against schism.”