Charles Ellicott Commentary Exodus 23:11

"but the seventh year thou shalt let it rest and lie fallow; that the poor of thy people may eat: and what they leave the beast of the field shall eat. In like manner thou shalt deal with thy vineyard, [and] with thy oliveyard." — Exodus 23:11 (ASV)

That the poor of your people may eat. —For fuller particulars see Leviticus 25:1-7. The owner was to have no larger part of the seventh year’s produce than anyone else. He was to take his share with the hireling, the stranger, and even the cattle, which during this year were to browse where they pleased.

Your vineyard ... Your oliveyard. —These would bear a full average produce, and the boon to the poor man would in these respects have been very considerable. Corn, wine, and oil were the staple commodities of Palestine (Deuteronomy 8:8; 2 Kings 18:32, and other passages).