Charles Ellicott Commentary Leviticus 16:22

"and the goat shall bear upon him all their iniquities unto a solitary land: and he shall let go the goat in the wilderness." — Leviticus 16:22 (ASV)

Unto a land not inhabited. —Literally, unto a land cut off, that is, a place whose ground is separated from all around it, hence a summit, a peak standing out by itself, a precipice.

In the wilderness. —Where no human beings dwell, but which is the abode of evil spirits. It will be seen that the directions here are simply to conduct the goat into the wilderness, where it is apparently to be let loose to pursue its own course.

During the Second Temple, however, the authorities decreed that the animal must be destroyed. Accordingly, one of the priests appointed to execute this mission led the goat to a rock called Zuck, in the wilderness, situated about twelve miles, or ninety furlongs, from Jerusalem. Between the holy city and this steep rock, ten booths were erected at intervals of one mile, and people were stationed in every booth to accompany the messenger to the next booth, which was a Sabbath day’s journey away.

From the last booth to the rock, which was double this distance, the messenger had no companion. He was, however, carefully watched by the occupants of the last booth to see that he performed the ritual according to the prescribed order.

On his arrival at the mountain, he divided the crimson thread (which was the badge of the goat) into two. He fastened one half to the rock and tied the other half between the two horns of the victim. Then, he pushed the animal down the projecting ledge of the rock, when it was dashed to pieces before it reached the bottom.

Thereupon, the people stationed at the last booth to watch the proceedings waved linen cloths or white flags, thus signalling from station to station to the priests in the court of the Temple the arrival of the goat at its proper destination.