John Calvin Commentary Deuteronomy 22:23

"If there be a damsel that is a virgin betrothed unto a husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her;" — Deuteronomy 22:23 (ASV)

If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed. The severity of the punishment is now extended further, and a betrothed woman is counted as a wife. This is for a very good reason: she has pledged her faithfulness, and it is a sign of utter unchastity for a woman’s mind to be so estranged from the man to whom she is betrothed that she prostitutes her virginity to another’s embraces.

However, since one who has been raped is not guilty, a woman is absolved if she is forced in a field, because it is probable that she yielded unwillingly, since she was far from help.

Although these terms are adapted to the understanding of an unrefined people, it was God’s intention to distinguish force from consent. Thus, if a girl had been forced in a secluded part of a building, from where her cries could not be heard, God would undoubtedly acquit her, provided she could prove her innocence with satisfactory testimony and reasonable inference.