John Calvin Commentary Isaiah 13:10

"For the stars of heaven and the constellations thereof shall not give their light; the sun shall be darkened in its going forth, and the moon shall not cause its light to shine." — Isaiah 13:10 (ASV)

For the stars of heaven. To strike our minds with a stronger and more distressing fear of God's judgment, the prophets are accustomed to add extravagant modes of speaking to their threatenings. These expressions place the anger of God, as it were, before their eyes and affect all our senses, as if all the elements were now rising to execute his vengeance. And yet the expressions, though unusually strong, do not go beyond the dreadful nature of what took place; for it is impossible to exhibit an image of God's judgment so alarming that the reality will not be felt to be more revolting and terrible.

The sun, and the moon, and the stars are mentioned because they are striking proofs of God’s fatherly kindness towards us. Therefore, Christ also shows that it is an eminent proof of God’s goodness that he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good (Matthew 5:45).

Accordingly, when the sun and moon and stars shine in heaven, God may be said to cheer us by his bright and gracious countenance. Therefore, since in the brightness of heaven God shows a cheerful and friendly countenance, as if he might be said to smile upon us, the darkness which the Prophet describes conveys the thought that God, by hiding his face, cast those with whom he was angry into the darkness of sorrow.

A similar description is given by the Prophet Joel: The sun shall be turned into darkness, the moon into blood, before it comes—the day of Jehovah, great and terrible (Joel 2:31).

We have already said that this mode of expression is frequently used by the prophets to inform us that everything will tend to our destruction when God is against us. Sometimes, indeed, God gives tokens of his anger by means of the stars; but that is outside the usual course of events, and the darkness which the Prophet now describes will not take place until the second coming of Christ. But we ought to be satisfied with knowing that all the creatures, which by discharging their duties to us are proofs and instruments of God’s fatherly kindness, not only cease to be useful to us when God rises to judgment, but in some measure are armed for vengeance.