John Gill Commentary 1 Kings 3:1

"And Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh king of Egypt, and took Pharaoh`s daughter, and brought her into the city of David, until he had made an end of building his own house, and the house of Jehovah, and the wall of Jerusalem round about." — 1 Kings 3:1 (ASV)

And Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh king of Egypt
Pharaoh was a common name of the kings of Egypt, of whom no mention is made in Scripture from the times of Moses until this time. This may seem strange, considering that kingdom was potent and near the land of Canaan. However, it was governed by a race of kings during this period, of whom, as Diodorus Siculus ^F9 says, there is nothing worthy of relation. The name of this Pharaoh, according to Eupolemus ^F11, an Heathen writer, was Vaphres; for he says, that David contracted a friendship with this king, and he relates some letters which passed between him and Solomon, concerning sending him workmen for the building of the temple, which are still preserved; but Calvisius ^F12 thinks it was Sesostris; what this affinity was is next observed:

and took Pharaoh's daughter :
that is, married her. According to Ben Gersom, she was proselyted first to the Jewish religion, which is very probable, or otherwise it can hardly be thought Solomon would marry her. The forty fifth psalm (Psalms 45:1–17) and the book of Canticles, supposed to be written on that occasion, seem to confirm this. To which may be added, that it does not appear she ever enticed or drew him into idolatry; for, of all the idols his wives drew him into the worship of, no mention is made of any Egyptian deities. The Jews say

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and brought her into the city of David ;
the fort of Zion:

until he had made an end of building his own house :
which was thirteen years in building, and now seems to have been begun, (1 Kings 7:1);

and the house of the Lord ;
the temple, which according to the Jewish chronology ^F14, was begun building before his marriage of Pharaoh's daughter, and was seven years in building; and therefore this marriage must be in the fourth year of his reign; for then he began to build the temple, (1 Kings 6:37 1 Kings 6:38); and so it must be, since Shimei lived three years in Jerusalem before he was put to death, after which this marriage was, (1 Kings 2:37);

and the wall of Jerusalem round about ;
all which he built by raising a levy on the people, (1 Kings 9:15); and when these buildings were finished, he built a house for his wife, but in the mean while she dwelt in the city of David.

FOOTNOTES:

• F9: Bibliothec. l. 1. p. 42.
• F11: Apud. Euseb. Praeparet. Evangel. l. 9. c. 30, 31, 32.
• F12: Chronolog. p. 191, 192.
• F14: Seder Olam Rabba, c. 15. p. 41.