John Gill Commentary Luke 22:30

"that ye may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom; and ye shall sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel." — Luke 22:30 (ASV)

That you may eat, and drink, at my table, in my kingdom ,
&c.] In the Gospel dispensation, or Gospel church state, in which Christ has a table, called the table of the Lord, (1 Corinthians 10:21) which is the Lord's supper, and is a table well furnished with the best of provisions, his flesh and blood, of which believers may eat and drink with a hearty welcome; Christ himself being present to sup with them: and in his personal reign on earth, where will be the marriage supper of the Lamb, to which all the saints will be called; and will sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and be regaled with joys and pleasures not to be expressed: and in the ultimate glory, when the Lamb shall feed them, and shall lead them to fountains of water; and they shall never hunger nor thirst more, but shall have fulness of joy, and be satiated with pleasures that will never fade nor end:

and sit on thrones ;
expressive of the great honour and dignity they were raised to, both in this, and the other world, from a low and mean estate, being before as beggars on the dunghill, now among princes, and on thrones, even on the same throne with Christ; see (1 Samuel 2:8) (Revelation 3:21)

judging the twelve tribes of Israel ;
doctrinally and ministerially; accusing the Jews, and arraigning them for the crucifixion of Christ; passing sentence upon them, and condemning them, and declaring that they should be damned for their disbelief and rejection of him; (See Gill on Matthew 19:28).