John Gill Commentary Nehemiah 1

The words of Nehemiah the son of Hachaliah
Or his transactions and deeds; for (yrbd) "dibre" signifies things done, as well as words spoken; who Hachaliah his father was is not known; the Arabic version adds, the high priest, without any foundation; though some have thought that Nehemiah was a priest, from a passage in

``Therefore whereas we are now purposed to keep the purification of the temple upon the five and twentieth day of the month Chisleu, we thought it necessary to certify you thereof, that ye also might keep it, as the feast of the tabernacles, and of the fire, which was given us when Neemias offered sacrifice, after that he had builded the temple and the altar.''

and from signing and sealing the covenant at the head of priests, (Nehemiah 10:1) , but he rather seems to be of the tribe of Judah, see (Nehemiah 2:3Nehemiah 2:5) , and Nehemiah may be the same that went up with Zerubbabel, and returned again, and then became the king's cupbearer; though some are of another opinion, (See Gill on Ezra 2:2),

and it came to pass in the month Chisleu ;
the ninth month, as the Arabic version; of which see (Ezra 10:9) ,

in the twentieth year ;
not of Nehemiah's age, for, if he went up with Zerubbabel, he must be many years older; but in the twentieth year of the reign of Artaxerxes, (Nehemiah 1:1) ,

as I was in Shushan the palace ;
a city in Persia, the royal seat of the kings of it; as Ecbatana was in the summer time, this in the spring, as Cyrus made it, according to Xenophon ^F2 ; but others say ^F3 it was their seat in winter, and this was the season now when Nehemiah was with the king there.

for Chisleu was a winter month, answering to part of November and of December; of Shushan, (See Gill on Daniel 8:2), to which may be added what a traveller of the last century says ^F4 of it,

``we rested at Valdac, once the great city Susa, but now very ruinous; it was first built by Tythonus, and his son Memnon, but enlarged by Darius the son of Hystaspes; in the building whereof Memnon was so exceeding prodigal, that, as Cassiodorus writeth, he joined the stones together with gold--such was the beauty and delectableness of it for situation, that they called it "Susa", which in the Persian tongue signified a "lily", but now it is called Valdac, because of the poverty of the place;''

and it is generally supposed to have its name from the abundance of lilies about it; but Dr. Hyde ^F5 gives another signification of its name, he says the Persians called it , "Sus", which signifies "liquorice", but for what reasons he says not. There is a city now called Shustera, and is thought by some travellers to be built at least very near where Shushan formerly stood ^F6 .

FOOTNOTES:

• F2: Cyropaedia, l. 8. c. 44.
• F3: Athenaeus, l. 12. c. 1.
• F4: Cartwright's Preacher's Travels, p. 87, 88.
• F5: Hist. Relig. Vet. Pers. c. 35. p. 414.
• F6: Tavernier, tom. 1. l. 4. c. 1.

That Hanani, one of my brethren
Either in natural relation, (Nehemiah 7:2) , or being a Jew of the same nation and religion; so Jarchi interprets it, one of my companions or acquaintance:

he and certain men of Judah ;
who came from thence to Shushan on some account or another:

and I asked them concerning the Jews that had escaped, which were left
of the captivity ;
who were returned from it to their own land; he inquired of their health and prosperity, in what circumstances they were, whether prosperous or adverse, whether they flourished, or were in distress:

and concerning Jerusalem ;
whether it was rebuilt, the houses and walls of it, and in what condition it was.

And they said unto me, the remnant that are left of the
captivity there in the province
In Judea, now reduced to a province of the Persian empire:

are in great affliction and reproach ;
harassed and distressed, calumniated and vilified, by their enemies the Samaritans:

the wall of Jerusalem also is broken down, and the gates thereof are
burnt with fire ;
that is, its wall and gates were in the same condition in which Nebuchadnezzar had left them, for since his times as yet they had never been set up; for this is not to be understood of what was lately done by their adversaries, which is not at all probable.

And it came to pass, when I heard these words
This sad and melancholy account of things:

that I sat down and wept, and mourned certain days ;
sat down upon the ground in dust and ashes, after the manner of mourners, and wept bitterly, and mourned in a most sorrowful manner, see (Job 2:8Job 2:12Job 2:13) ,

and fasted and prayed before the God of heaven ;
that made it, and dwells in it.

And said, I beseech thee, O Lord God of heaven He prayed not to the host of heaven, the sun in it, as the Persians, but to the God of it, in an humble supplicant manner:

the great and terrible God ; who is to be feared, and had in reverence of all his creatures, because of his greatness and glory, being God over all, blessed for ever, and his name holy and reverend:

that keepeth covenant and mercy for them that love him, and observe his commandments ; who keep them from a principle of love to him; to those he has made gracious promises in his covenant, which he truly and faithfully performs; and the consideration of these perfections in God animates and encourages good men in prayer to him.