John Gill Commentary Numbers 1

And the Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai
Which is different from the wilderness of Sin, (Exodus 16:1) ; and had its name from the mountain so called, on which God gave the law of the decalogue, and where the Israelites had been encamped eleven months, (Exodus 19:1Exodus 19:2) ;

in the tabernacle of the congregation ;
which had now been set up a whole month, and out of which the Lord had delivered to Moses the several laws recorded in the preceding book in that space of time, (Exodus 40:17) (Leviticus 1:1) ;

on the first [day] of the second month ;
the month Ijar, as the Targum of Jonathan, which answers to part of our April, and part of May, and was the second month of the ecclesiastical year, which began with Abib or Nisan:

in the second year after they came out of the land of Egypt ;
that is, the children of Israel, who had now been a year and half a month out of it:

saying ,
as follows.

Take ye the sum of all the congregation of the children of
Israel
Excepting the Levites; and no account was taken of the mixed multitude that came out of Egypt with the children of Israel, only of them; and this account was taken, partly to observe the fulfilment of the divine promise to Abraham concerning the multiplication of his seed, and partly that it might be observed, that at the end of thirty eight years from hence, when they were numbered again, there were but three left of this large number, their carcasses falling in the wilderness because of their sins; and chiefly, as Aben Ezra observes, this sum was now taken to fix their standards, and for their better and more orderly journeying and encampment; for on the twentieth of this month they set forward on their journey from hence, (Numbers 10:11Numbers 10:12) ;

The command 'take ye' is in the plural, being given to both Moses and Aaron, who were to take the number, and did so, (Numbers 1:3) ;

after their families ;
into which their tribes were divided:

by the house of their fathers ;
for if the mother was of one tribe, and the father of another, the family was according to the tribe of the father, as Jarchi notes, as Aben Ezra observes, a mother's family is never called a family:

with the number of [their] names ;
of every particular person, whose name was inserted in a list or register:

every male by their poll ;
or head ^F2 ; for none but males were numbered: the Lord's spiritual Israel are a numbered people, written in the book of life, placed into the hand of Christ, and exactly known by him, even by name; yea, all that belong to him are numbered, and the very hairs of their heads,

FOOTNOTES:

• F2: (Mtlglgl) "per capita sua", Pagninus, &c,

From twenty years old and upwards
All that had entered into their twentieth year, or, as it should rather seem, who were full twenty years of age, and all that were above it without any limitation; though some limit it to fifty, and others to sixty years, when men may be reasonably excused going to war.

For to know who were fit for it seems to be a principal design of this order, as follows:

all that are able to go forth to war in Israel ;
who being about to journey, might expect to meet with enemies, with whom they would be obliged to engage in battle; and therefore it was proper to know their strength, and whom to call out upon occasion.

Aben Ezra observes, that the phrase "in Israel" excepts the mixed multitude; those were not of Israel, and so not numbered, and perhaps not to be trusted or depended upon in war; nor were they mustered and marshalled by the standards of the several tribes; in a mystical sense, those numbered may signify the valiant of Israel, the same as the young men in (1 John 2:14) ; see (Song of Solomon 3:7Song of Solomon 3:8) ;

thou and Aaron shall number them by their armies ;
each tribe making a considerable army, (See Gill on Exodus 7:4); these people were now typical of the church of God in its militant state in the wilderness, for which they are provided, and prepared, and accoutred.

And with you there shall be a man of every tribe
Excepting Levi, of which Moses and Aaron were, to assist in taking the account, and to see that it was an exact and perfect one:

everyone head of the house of his fathers ;
and prince of the tribe he belonged to, as appears from (Numbers 1:16) and (Numbers 7:2) , where an account is given of the same persons as princes of the tribes that offered at the dedication of the altar, who here assisted in the taking this account; the Targum of Jonathan calls them each a prince, as Prince Elizur

And these [are] the names of the men that shall stand with
you
Be present with Moses and Aaron when numbering the people; not merely as spectators of the affair, and inspectors of the accounts, but as assistants in the work; each man in his tribe, being best acquainted with the families and houses in it; and these men were not pitched upon by Moses and Aaron, nor chosen by their respective tribes, but were appointed and named by the Lord himself, which was doing them great honour:^F3

of [the tribe] of Reuben :
or "for Reuben" ^F3 , for the taking the number of men in this tribe; and so of all the rest, see (Numbers 1:44) ;

Elizur the son of Shedeur ;
from (Numbers 1:5–15) the names of those several men are given, which were very proper for Moses and Aaron to know, though of little importance to us; nor the signification of their several names, given by Ainsworth and others; only, as Bishop Patrick observes, most of them show how much God was in the thoughts of those who, imposed these names on their children, several of them having in them "El" or "Eli", "God" or "my God", and "Shaddai", "Almighty" or "all-sufficient":

to which may be added, that in some of them they seem to respect the Messiah, as Elizur, signifying "my God the rock"; and Shelumiel may be rendered, "God my peace"; and Zurishaddai, "my rock the Almighty", or "all-sufficient"; and Pedazhur, "the rock redeemeth": nor is there anything of any moment to be remarked, unless the order in which the several tribes are placed; and first the children of Leah, beginning with Reuben, the firstborn; and the rest, Simeon and Judah, are ranked according to their birth; Levi being omitted, because that tribe was not now numbered, and besides, Moses and Aaron were of it; and then Issachar and Zebulun; after those the children of Rachel, because of her honour and glory above the handmaids, as Aben Ezra remarks; who further observes, that it begins with Ephraim, following Jacob our father, that is, because of the blessing of Jacob, who preferred Ephraim the younger to Manasseh the elder; and here Ephraim and Manasseh are set before Benjamin, because they were in the place of Joseph; and after that the account goes on with Dan, because, he was the firstborn of the handmaids; and after him Asher, though the second son of Zilpah, is placed before Gad, the first son, because, says the same Aben Ezra, the Lord knew that he would be the head of those that encamped by the standard of Dan, and so is placed next to him; and after him Gad, who was the firstborn of Leah's handmaid; and Naphtali last of all, the second son of Bilhah: this order seems to be designed to suit with their encampments, and the form of them.

FOOTNOTES:

• F3: (Nbwarl) "pro Ruben", Samar. vers. "ipsi Reuben", Montanus.