John Gill Commentary Numbers 13

And the Lord Spoke unto Moses
When in the wilderness of Paran, either at Rithmah or Kadesh; this was on the twenty ninth day of the month Sivan, on which day, the Jews say ^F15 , the spies were sent to search the land, which was a scheme of the Israelites' own devising, and which they first proposed to Moses, who approved of it as prudential and political, at least he gave his assent unto it to please the people, and carried the affair to the Lord, and consulted him about it; who, rather permitting than approving, gave the following order;

for the motion carried in it a good deal of unbelief, calling in question whether the land was so good as had been represented unto them, fearing it was not accessible, and that it would be difficult to get into it, and were desirous of knowing the best way of getting into it before they proceeded any further;

all which were unnecessary, if they would have fully trusted in the Lord, in his word, promise, power, providence, and guidance; who had told them it was a land flowing with milk and honey; that he would show them the way to it, by going before them in a pillar of cloud and fire; that he would assuredly bring them into it, having espied it for them, and promised it unto them;

so that there was no need on any account for them to send spies before them; however, to gratify them in this point, he assented to it:

saying ;
as follows.

FOOTNOTES:

• F15: Ib. ut supra, (Seder Olam Rabba, c. 8. p. 24. & Meyer. Annotat. in ib. p. 338.) Pesikta, Chaskuni.

Send you men
Which is rather a permission than a command;

So Jarchi interprets it, "send men according to your mind, I do not command you, but if you please send;" this he observed was agreeable to Moses, and to the Israelites, and therefore granted it, or allowed them to take their own way, and which issued badly, as it always does, when men are left to their own counsel:

that they may search the land of Canaan, which I give unto the
children of Israel ;
Called the land of Canaan, though it consisted of seven nations, from the principal of them; this God had given in promise to the children of Israel, and had now brought them to the borders of it; nay, had given them orders to go up and possess it; but they were for searching it first, to know what sort of a land it was, and which was the best way of entering into it, which is here permitted them, see (Deuteronomy 1:21Deuteronomy 1:22) ;

of every tribe of their fathers shall you send a man ;
Excepting the tribe of Levi; the reason of which was because they were to have no inheritance in the land, (Deuteronomy 10:9) (Deuteronomy 18:1Deuteronomy 18:2) ; but then, to make up the number twelve, the two sons of Joseph, Ephraim and Manasseh, are reckoned as two tribes:

everyone a ruler among them ;
A prince in his tribe; so were men of honour and credit, of power and authority, of prudence and probity, and who might be trusted with such an affair, and their report believed: they were not indeed princes of the highest rank, not the same that assisted in taking the numbers of the people, who were captains over their several tribes, as in (Numbers 1:4–16) (2:2-31) but were inferior princes and rulers, perhaps rulers of thousands.

And Moses, by the commandment of the Lord
By his power, permission, and leave, as Jarchi, that there might be no delay through his means.

sent them from the wilderness of Paran
from Rithmah or Kadeshbarnea, which seem to be one and the same place in that wilderness. This, as before observed, was on the twenty ninth day of Sivan (See Gill on Numbers 13:1).

all those [were] heads of the children of Israel
were not mean and vulgar men, but persons of rule, who bore some office of magistracy and government among the people in their respective tribes.

And these [were] their names, of the tribe of Reuben, Shammua
the son of Zaccur .
] From (Numbers 13:4–15) , there is nothing but the names of the said persons, whose sons they were, and of what tribe; and the several tribes are mentioned, not according to the order of the birth of the patriarchs, nor according to the dignity of their mothers that bore them, but, very likely, according to the order in which they were sent, two by two, to search the land; for had they gone all twelve in a body, they would have been liable to suspicion: the signification of their names is of no importance to know, and will give us no light into their characters or the reason of their choice, nor are their parents elsewhere taken notice of, nor any of them but Joshua and Caleb, of whom we shall hear more hereafter.

Of the tribe of Simeon, Shaphat the son of Hori .
] (See Gill on Numbers 13:4).