John Gill Commentary Zechariah 1:19

"And I said unto the angel that talked with me, What are these? And he answered me, These are the horns which have scattered Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem." — Zechariah 1:19 (ASV)

And I said unto the angel that talked with me (Zechariah 1:9Zechariah 1:13Zechariah 1:14) : What [are] these ? that is, who do these horns signify? and what or whom do they represent?

and he answered me, These [are] the horns which have scattered Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem ; which may design the distresses, vexations, and captivities of the people of Israel by their enemies, as by the Moabites, Ammonites in the times of the judges; and the captivity of the ten tribes of Israel by Shalmaneser; and of the two tribes of Benjamin and Judah, and of the destruction of Jerusalem, by Nebuchadnezzar; when they were ventilated or fanned, as the word ^F24 signifies, and so scattered abroad; see (Jeremiah 6:11) (15:7).

and also their troubles in the times of the Medes and Persians, under Cambyses, until this second year of Darius; and may likewise have reference prophetically to their after troubles and captivity by the Romans; and to Rome Pagan, which persecuted and scattered the churches of Christ and people of God in the several parts of the world; and the antichristian states, the persecutors of the same.

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FOOTNOTES:

• F24: (wrz rva) "quae ventilaverunt", V. L. Pagninus, Montanus, Vatablus, Drusius, Cocceius.