What do top commentators say about Exodus 40?
What do top commentators say on Exodus 40?
Verse 1
Waiting on God's Timing:
Commentators highlight that even though all the parts of the tabernacle were finished, Moses did not proceed on his own initiative. He waited for a specific command from God. This serves as a powerful lesson on the importance of waiting for God's perfect timing, not just knowing His general will.
A New Year, A New Start:
Scholars note that God's command to erect the tabernacle came on the first day of the first month—New Year's Day for Israel. This timing is significant, suggesting that new beginnings should be marked by a renewed commitment to serving God and making Him central.
Initiated by God's Word:
The verse simply states, "And Jehovah spake unto Moses." After all the fundraising, craftsmanship, and labor, the final and most important phase was initiated directly by God's word. This underscores that God's work is ultimately accomplished by His command and authority, not just human effort.
There is an importance and a fitness in times and seasons, which the Great Father often reserves to Himself the right to determine.
Charles Ellicott
Verse 2
God's Perfect Timing:
Scholars note that even though all the parts of the tabernacle were finished, Moses waited for a specific command from God to assemble it. God chose the first day of the first month—New Year's Day of their first year of freedom. This highlights God's sovereignty over times and seasons and teaches the importance of waiting for His direction rather than rushing ahead.
A New Year, A New Beginning:
The erection of the tabernacle was commanded for New Year's Day, almost exactly one year after the Israelites left Egypt. Commentators see this as a powerful symbol of a fresh start. After a year of deliverance and preparation, God's dwelling was now formally established among His people, marking a new era in their relationship with Him.
Diligence and Dedication:
Commentators observe that the entire tabernacle was completed in about six months, showing what can be accomplished when people work earnestly for a divine purpose. The command to set it up on a new year serves as a model for believers to begin each new year with a renewed desire to serve God more faithfully than the last.
When a new year begins, we should seek to serve God better than the year before.
Matthew Henry
Verse 3
The Ark's Central Importance:
Commentators note the specific instruction to place the Ark of the Testimony in the tabernacle first. This deliberate ordering highlights the Ark's supreme importance as the most precious object, symbolizing God's covenant and presence, around which all other elements of worship were arranged.
The Veil of Holy Separation:
Scholars clarify that the veil mentioned was not the mercy seat (the Ark's lid) but the large curtain separating the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place. Its function was to hide the Ark, signifying the profound holiness of God and the necessary separation from humanity, as even the priests could not look upon it.
A Shadow of Christ's Work:
The commentaries describe the tabernacle's elements as "shadows" of a greater reality. The veil, which barred access to God's immediate presence, is a key example. This points Christians to the New Testament, where the veil is torn at Christ's death, signifying that Jesus has permanently opened the way for believers into God's presence.
This was the vail that divided between the holy place and the most holy, and so covered or hid the ark from the sight even of the priests that went into the holy place.
John Gill
Verse 4
The Meaning of the Furniture:
Commentators explain that this verse details the placement of two key items in the Holy Place: the table of shewbread and the golden lampstand. 'Setting in order' specifically refers to arranging the twelve loaves of bread on the table, which symbolized God's covenant provision for the twelve tribes of Israel.
Moses's Priestly Function:
One scholar highlights a crucial detail: Moses, not Aaron, initially performed these priestly duties. Since Aaron and his sons were not yet consecrated, Moses acted as the intermediary to set up the tabernacle and its rituals. This underscores Moses's unique role in establishing the system of worship that the priests would later maintain.
Divine Timing and Order:
Even with all the parts completed, Moses waited for a specific command from God to assemble the Tabernacle. As Charles Ellicott notes, God Himself set the date and the precise sequence for arranging the sacred items. This demonstrates the importance of waiting on God's timing and following His prescribed order, not just rushing ahead with good intentions.
and though the lamps were to be lighted by Aaron, the priest of the Lord, he being not yet consecrated, the office was performed by Moses.
John Gill
Verse 5
Prayer at God's Doorstep:
Commentators explain that the golden altar of incense was placed in the Holy Place, just outside the veil, but directly in front of the Ark of the Testimony. This specific placement is significant, as it positioned the symbol of the people's prayers as close as possible to the manifest presence of God.
The Sanctity of Worship:
The instruction to hang the screen at the tabernacle's entrance was a critical step. Scholars note it served to hide the holy items from general view and restrict access. This act underscored the profound holiness of God's dwelling place and the need for a specific, mediated approach to Him.
and these being brought in, the hanging was to be put up, which hid the sight of the above things, and forbid the entrance of the people there.
John Gill
Verse 6
The First Step to God:
Commentators point out the strategic placement of the altar of burnt offering. It stood in the open court, directly before the entrance to the tabernacle itself. This positioning theologically signifies that the first step in approaching God's holy presence is to deal with sin through sacrifice and atonement.
Divine Order in Worship:
Scholars note that the arrangement of the tabernacle furniture was not left to human invention. God gave Moses precise instructions for where to place each item, including the altar. This underscores the principle that worship is to be conducted according to God's specific commands and divine order, not human convenience or preference.
A Shadow of the Cross:
Matthew Henry's commentary connects the tabernacle's sacrificial system to its ultimate fulfillment. The altar, where animal sacrifices were made by priests, is described as a 'shadow' that pointed forward to the substance: the final, perfect sacrifice of Jesus Christ, our eternal High Priest, who grants us true access to God.
And this was to be set up in the open court, as it was proper it should, both because of the smell and smoke of the sacrifices.
John Gill
Verse 7
Cleansing Before Approach:
Commentators explain that the laver was strategically placed between the altar and the entrance to the tent of meeting. This was because the priests were required to wash their hands and feet every time they entered the Tabernacle. This placement underscores the critical importance of purification and preparation before entering into God's holy presence.
God's Meticulous Plan:
Scholars note that the instruction for the laver's placement was part of a detailed, step-by-step command from God for assembling the entire Tabernacle. This wasn't a human-devised plan. It highlights that God cares about the specific details of worship and that obedience involves following His precise instructions, demonstrating reverence for His divine order.
Its proper place was close to the door of the Tabernacle, since the priests had to wash their hands and feet at it every time that they set foot within the Tabernacle.
Charles Ellicott
Verse 8
Defining the Sacred Space:
Commentators explain that this verse refers to the erection of the outer court, which enclosed the Tabernacle proper. They direct readers to Exodus 27 for the detailed construction of these hangings, which formed a physical boundary separating the holy ground from the common camp.
God's Precise Plan:
Scholars observe that the instructions for assembling the Tabernacle, including setting up the court, were given in a specific order. This wasn't a haphazard construction but a deliberate act following God's detailed plan, emphasizing the importance of divine timing and order in carrying out God's work.
At the same time He gave directions fixing the order in which all should be done, and determining the position of the various articles of furniture which the Tabernacle and its court were to contain.
Charles Ellicott
Verse 9
A Symbol of the Holy Spirit:
Commentators explain that the anointing oil was not magical but was a powerful symbol of the Holy Spirit. John Calvin notes that this ritual illustrates a core truth: true holiness and consecration for God's service come not from physical objects but from the sanctifying work of God's Spirit. Nothing is pure in God's sight unless it is cleansed and set apart by His grace.
Set Apart for Sacred Use:
The act of anointing the tabernacle and its furnishings officially set them apart from all common use for God's exclusive service. This established a clear distinction between the sacred and the profane, teaching the Israelites to approach God's dwelling place with reverence. Scholars point out this was the faithful execution of specific commands God had given earlier in Exodus 30.
This figure, therefore, clearly shows that nothing pleases God, and nothing is pure or holy in His sight, except what has been cleansed and properly consecrated by the influence and grace of the Holy Spirit.
John Calvin
Verse 10
A Practical Holiness:
One commentator explains that the term "most holy" applied to the altar was not to suggest a higher degree of holiness than the tabernacle itself. Instead, it served as a practical caution. Because the altar was in the outer court and accessible to the people, the strong language was a necessary warning against touching the consecrated object.
The Altar Points to Christ:
Scholars note that the entire system of the tabernacle, its priesthood, and its sacrifices served as a "shadow" pointing to a greater reality. For Christians, the sanctified altar of burnt-offering prefigures the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who is the fulfillment of these Old Testament symbols.
The difference does not express a higher degree of holiness: it is only used as a caution.
Albert Barnes
Verse 11
Sanctifying the Ordinary:
Commentators explain that the anointing of the laver, a basin for washing, was an act of sanctification. This set it apart for a holy purpose, demonstrating that even functional, ordinary items were to be dedicated exclusively to God's service. This specific command is part of the larger consecration of the entire Tabernacle complex.
A Shadow of Christ's Work:
Matthew Henry's commentary frames this act as a 'shadow' pointing to a greater reality. The entire Tabernacle system, including the priesthood and its consecrated tools like the laver, finds its ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ. The sanctification of an instrument for cleansing foreshadows the perfect spiritual cleansing available through Him.
Instructions for the consecration of the Tabernacle, its furniture, and its vessels, by anointing, and for the consecration of Aaron and his sons by ablution, anointing, and investiture, were attached to those given concerning the setting up of the Tabernacle, and are here recorded, although their execution appears to have been delayed to a later date.
Charles Ellicott
Verse 12
The Path to Priesthood:
Commentators explain that this verse begins the formal consecration of Aaron and his sons. This sacred process, commanded earlier in Exodus 29, involved three key steps: washing with water (purification), being clothed in priestly garments (investiture), and anointing with holy oil.
A Shadow of Christ:
Scholars like Matthew Henry and John Calvin see the Aaronic priesthood as a temporary 'shadow.' The washing and anointing pointed forward to a greater reality. The entire system found its ultimate fulfillment and 'substance' in Jesus Christ, our eternal High Priest who truly cleanses us from sin.
Grace Over Ritual:
John Calvin highlights that the power of these rituals comes from God's command and His invisible grace, not the outward act itself. He notes that Moses consecrated the priests but was not consecrated with a visible sign, showing that God's invisible work is what truly matters for sanctification.
Furthermore, invisible grace has benefited some without visible sacraments, while visible sanctification, though it may be imparted, cannot be beneficial without the invisible.
John Calvin
Verse 13
A Shadow of Christ's Priesthood:
Matthew Henry's commentary explains that the high priesthood established in Aaron's family was a temporary institution, a 'shadow' pointing to a greater reality. This entire system of garments and anointing found its ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, who is the eternal High Priest.
Consecrated for Holy Service:
Scholars note that the commands to anoint Aaron and put the holy garments on him were acts of sanctification. This process formally set him apart from the rest of the community, consecrating him for the specific and holy purpose of ministering to God on behalf of the people.
The high-priesthood was in the family of Aaron until Christ came, and in Him, the substance of all these shadows, it continues forever.
Matthew Henry
Verse 14
Dressed for Sacred Duty:
Commentators explain that clothing Aaron's sons with their "tunics" (a more precise translation for "coats") was a key step in their formal consecration. This act, part of a larger divine ceremony, visually set them apart for their holy service in the Tabernacle, alongside their father Aaron.
A Shadow of Christ's Priesthood:
Matthew Henry's commentary uses this moment to remind readers that the entire Aaronic priesthood was a temporary institution. These detailed rituals of consecration served as a "shadow" pointing to the substance found in Jesus Christ, the eternal and perfect High Priest who fulfills all that the earthly priesthood prefigured.
The high-priesthood was in the family of Aaron until Christ came, and in Him, the substance of all these shadows, it continues forever.
Matthew Henry
Verse 15
A Hierarchy in Anointing:
Commentators note a distinction in the anointing process. Aaron, the high priest, had oil poured directly on his head, while his sons were sprinkled with a mixture of oil and blood. Scholars suggest this difference signified a lower degree of official holiness for the regular priests compared to the unique role of the high priest.
An Enduring, Not Eternal, Office:
Scholars clarify that "everlasting priesthood" refers to a continuous office that would last through all of Israel's generations until the Messiah. They also note that this one-time anointing of Aaron's sons was considered sufficient for all future regular priests, whereas each new high priest would be individually anointed.
The Priesthood Points to Christ:
The establishment of the Aaronic priesthood through this anointing is seen by commentators as a "shadow" pointing to a greater reality. The entire system was temporary, designed to find its ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, who is the true and final High Priest in whom the priesthood continues forever.
The high-priesthood was in the family of Aaron until Christ came, and in Him, the substance of all these shadows, it continues forever.
Matthew Henry
Verse 16
A Model of Faithful Obedience:
Commentators emphasize that this verse highlights Moses' complete and exact obedience. John Gill notes that by doing everything "according to all that the Lord commanded him," Moses proved himself to be a truly faithful servant of God. His actions serve as a model of unwavering commitment to God's specific instructions.
Don't Wait to Worship:
Matthew Henry draws a powerful application from this act of obedience. The Israelites did not wait until they were settled in the Promised Land to erect the tabernacle; they set it up in the wilderness. This serves as a lesson not to postpone our devotion and service to God until our lives feel more stable or convenient. Worship is essential now, regardless of our circumstances.
Obedience as a Process:
Scholars like Charles Ellicott point out that this verse is a summary statement for a series of events that unfolded over time. The tabernacle was set up on one day, but the anointing of the priests described in the preceding verses happened later. This shows that complete obedience can be a process, faithfully carried out in stages according to God's timing.
according to all that the Lord commanded him, so did he ; by which he approved himself to be a faithful servant in the house of God.
John Gill
Verse 17
A New Beginning:
Commentators note the Tabernacle was erected on the first day of the first month of the second year since the Exodus. This marked a new year and a new chapter for Israel, establishing God's dwelling place among them almost exactly one year after their liberation. The construction itself took less than six months, showing the people's dedication.
Obedience in Every Detail:
John Calvin highlights that the erection of the Tabernacle was an act of precise obedience to God's detailed plan. This serves as a powerful reminder for believers to revere what God has revealed in His word and to be wary of adding human inventions or traditions to worship. True worship is rooted in obedience to God's specific instructions.
Worship in the Wilderness:
Matthew Henry points out that the Israelites didn't wait until they reached the Promised Land to establish a place for God. They prioritized His presence while still unsettled in the wilderness. This teaches a vital lesson: we should not postpone our spiritual lives until our circumstances are 'perfect' or 'settled.' God desires a relationship with us now, in the midst of our journey.
A tabernacle for God is very necessary, even in a wilderness, especially as we may be in another world before we come to settle in this one.
Matthew Henry
Verse 18
Worship in the Wilderness:
Matthew Henry highlights a profound lesson: the Israelites didn't wait until they reached Canaan to build God's tabernacle; they set it up in the wilderness. This serves as a powerful reminder not to delay our devotion to God until life feels more 'settled.' A relationship with God is essential now, in our current circumstances, not just in a future we hope for.
A Stable Foundation:
Commentators describe the careful, step-by-step process of erecting the tabernacle, starting with heavy silver sockets that provided a firm foundation. As Charles Ellicott notes, these sockets were crucial for stability. This physical solidity of God's dwelling place symbolizes the dependable and ordered nature of His presence among His people.
A Communal Effort:
John Gill observes that while Moses directed the work, he did not erect the tabernacle by himself but 'with the help of others.' This detail underscores that building a place for God's presence was a communal effort. It serves as a model for the church, where serving God and building His kingdom is a shared responsibility, not a solo task.
The stability of the Tabernacle must have depended almost entirely upon the sockets.
Charles Ellicott
Verse 19
God's Detailed Design:
Commentators explain that this verse describes the placement of multiple protective layers. A 'tent' of goats' hair was spread over the inner structure, and then a durable outer 'covering' of dyed rams' skins and other animal skins was placed on top. This multi-layered design highlights the specific, detailed care God commanded for protecting His sacred dwelling place.
Don't Wait to Worship:
Matthew Henry draws a powerful lesson from this scene. Just as the Israelites set up the Tabernacle in the wilderness without waiting to reach Canaan, Christians should not delay serving God until their lives feel more 'settled.' A relationship with God is essential for the journey, not just the destination.
A tabernacle for God is very necessary, even in a wilderness, especially as we may be in another world before we come to settle in this one.
Matthew Henry
Verse 20
The Heart of the Covenant:
Commentators agree that the "testimony" placed into the ark was the two stone tablets inscribed with the Ten Commandments. This act physically placed God's declared will and the foundation of His covenant at the absolute center of Israel's worship, housed within their most sacred object.
Worship in the Wilderness:
Matthew Henry draws a powerful lesson from this event. The Israelites did not wait until they reached the Promised Land to set up the tabernacle; they did so in the wilderness. This reminds believers not to delay their devotion to God until life feels settled. Worship is for the journey, not just the destination.
What Was Inside the Ark?:
While this verse mentions only the tablets, some wonder about the pot of manna and Aaron's rod (Hebrews 9:4). Scholars explain these items were likely placed 'before the testimony' (in front of the ark) and perhaps moved inside later. By King Solomon's time, only the tablets remained, suggesting the other items were lost.
The ten commands, called the "testimony", because they testified and declared what was the will of God with respect to things to be done, or not done.
John Gill
Verse 21
The Veil and God's Holiness:
Commentators explain that the veil's primary function was to separate the holy place from the most holy place, thereby concealing the Ark of the Testimony. This physical barrier visually represented the profound holiness of God and the necessary separation between a perfect God and humanity.
Don't Wait to Worship:
Matthew Henry notes that the Israelites set up the tabernacle in the wilderness, not waiting until they were settled in Canaan. This serves as a powerful lesson against spiritual procrastination. We are encouraged not to delay serving God until our lives feel more stable, but to prioritize worship now, even in the 'wilderness' seasons of life.
and set up the vail of the covering, and covered the ark of thetestimony ; the vail which divided between the and most holy place, and so kept out of sight the ark of the testimony within, from being seen by any, even by the priests in the holy place.
John Gill
Verse 22
The Precision of Obedience:
Commentators explain that the table for the shewbread was placed with great precision on the north side of the Holy Place, just outside the veil separating it from the Most Holy Place. This specific placement was not arbitrary; it followed the divine pattern God had shown to Moses, highlighting that obedience to God often involves careful attention to His specific instructions for worship.
Worship in the Wilderness:
One commentator draws a powerful application from the Israelites setting up the tabernacle while still wandering. This act serves as a reminder not to delay our devotion to God until we feel 'settled' in life. A relationship with God is essential, especially in the 'wilderness' seasons of life, because our time on earth is uncertain. We are urged not to postpone the care of our souls.
A tabernacle for God is very necessary, even in a wilderness, especially as we may be in another world before we come to settle in this one.
Matthew Henry
Verse 23
Obedience Precedes Ritual:
Commentators note that Moses himself performed this priestly duty before Aaron and his sons were formally consecrated. This highlights a key principle: the sanctity of the tabernacle's elements came first from God's express command, with the later anointing serving as a symbol and seal of that pre-existing holiness. Obedience to God's word is the foundation of true worship.
Worship in the Wilderness:
Matthew Henry draws a powerful application from this act. The Israelites set up the tabernacle for worship while still unsettled in the wilderness, not waiting until they reached Canaan. This serves as a reminder not to postpone our relationship with God until life feels 'settled.' Worship is essential for the journey, not just the destination.
The Order of the Bread:
Scholars explain that 'setting the bread in order' involved a specific arrangement commanded by God. Moses placed the twelve loaves of 'shewbread' on the table in two distinct rows, with six loaves in each row. This detail underscores the importance of careful, specific obedience in how God's people were to approach Him in worship.
The things had been made expressly for the service of Yahweh, by His command, and in this fact lay their essential sanctity, of which the anointing was only the seal and symbol.
Albert Barnes
Verse 24
Light on God's Provision:
Commentators note the specific placement of the lampstand. It was set directly opposite the table of shewbread. Scholars like Charles Ellicott explain this was not just a practical arrangement; it symbolically showed that the light of God's presence and truth illuminates His provision (the bread) for His people.
Don't Wait to Worship:
Matthew Henry uses the entire act of setting up the tabernacle to make a powerful point: the Israelites did not wait until they were settled in the Promised Land to worship God. This serves as a strong reminder not to postpone a serious commitment to God until life feels more stable. Worship is essential for the journey, not just the destination.
The light would thus be thrown on the table of shewbread.
Charles Ellicott
Verse 25
Moses' Temporary Priestly Role:
Commentators explain that Moses performed priestly duties, like lighting the lamps, because Aaron and his sons had not yet been formally consecrated. This highlights Moses' unique, temporary role in establishing the tabernacle's worship according to God's specific instructions before handing the duties over to the designated priests.
Worship as Obedience:
The act of lighting the lamps was not arbitrary; it was done "as Jehovah commanded Moses." Scholars emphasize that the sanctity of the tabernacle's service came from this precise obedience. Every detail, from the construction to the rituals, was a direct response to God's command, showing that true worship is rooted in following His revealed will.
Don't Wait to Worship:
One commentator draws a powerful application from this scene: the Israelites established worship in the wilderness without waiting to be settled in the Promised Land. This serves as a strong reminder for believers not to delay their devotion to God, thinking it's for a later, more stable time. Worship is essential now, regardless of our life's circumstances.
this, though it was the business of the priests of Aaron, and his sons, yet they not being at present invested with their office, was done by Moses, who in this and several other things mentioned in this chapter officiated as a priest:
John Gill
Verse 26
Worship Before God's Presence:
Commentators explain that the golden altar of incense was placed in the Holy Place, just "before the veil," directly opposite the Ark of the Covenant. This strategic placement symbolized that the incense, representing the prayers of the people, ascended directly toward the very presence of God, which was manifest above the Ark in the Most Holy Place.
Don't Wait to Worship:
Matthew Henry draws a powerful application from this verse. The Israelites set up God's tabernacle while still wandering in the wilderness, not waiting until they were settled in Canaan. This reminds believers not to postpone their devotion and service to God until life feels stable. A tabernacle for God is essential for the journey, not just the destination.
Holiness by Divine Command:
Albert Barnes points out that Moses performed these priestly setup duties before the formal consecration of the priests or the anointing of the objects. This highlights a key principle: the holiness of the tabernacle and its service came fundamentally from God's command and purpose, with the anointing serving as a seal of that pre-existing sanctity.
Verse 27
Moses, the Interim Priest:
Commentators highlight that Moses himself performed priestly duties, such as burning incense. He did this under God's direct command because Aaron and his sons had not yet been formally consecrated. This shows that authority for worship comes directly from God, and Moses acted as a unique intermediary before the established priesthood began its work.
Obedience as the Foundation:
The verse emphasizes that Moses acted "as Jehovah commanded." Scholars note that the sanctity of the tabernacle and its rituals was established first by God's command and the people's obedience. The subsequent ceremonies, like anointing, were the outward seal of a holiness that was already present because God's instructions were followed.
Don't Delay Worship:
One commentator draws a powerful application from this scene: the Israelites set up God's tabernacle while still wandering in the wilderness, not waiting until they were settled in Canaan. This serves as a reminder not to delay our devotion to God until our lives feel stable or "perfect." Worship is essential for the journey, not just the destination.
he commanded Moses indeed to order and direct Aaron to do this, but he being not yet consecrated, Moses, being the Lord's priest, did it.
John Gill
Verse 28
Completing the Holy Place:
Commentators explain that hanging this screen at the entrance marked the completion of furnishing the Holy Place. This act, like all the others in setting up the tabernacle, was a fulfillment of God's specific, earlier instructions (Exodus 26:36), demonstrating meticulous obedience in preparing His dwelling place.
Worship in the Wilderness:
Matthew Henry highlights a powerful application: the Israelites didn't wait to settle in Canaan before building a place for God; they did it in the wilderness. This serves as a crucial reminder not to delay devotion to God until life is stable. Worship is vital now, especially during unsettled times.
A tabernacle for God is very necessary, even in a wilderness, especially as we may be in another world before we come to settle in this one.
Matthew Henry
Verse 29
Worship in the Wilderness:
Matthew Henry draws a powerful lesson from this verse: the Israelites set up the Tabernacle in the wilderness, not waiting until they were settled in Canaan. This serves as a reminder for believers not to delay their devotion to God, thinking they will start when life is more stable. Worship is essential for the journey, not just the destination.
Obedience Before Ceremony:
Commentators note that Moses performed these priestly duties before Aaron and his sons were formally consecrated. This demonstrates that the essential holiness of the service came from direct obedience to God's command. The later anointing and rituals served as the formal seal of a sanctity already established by God's word.
The First Offerings:
Scholars explain that this verse describes the very first offerings on the newly constructed altar. Whether it was the first daily sacrifice or a special consecration offering, this act officially began the sacrificial system at the Tabernacle, which would be central to Israel's worship as commanded by God.
When the tabernacle and its furnishings were prepared, they did not delay setting it up until they came to Canaan; but, in obedience to the will of God, they set it up in the middle of their camp.
Matthew Henry
Verse 30
Cleansing for Service:
Commentators explain that the laver was placed between the tent of meeting and the altar for a specific purpose: for priests to wash their hands and feet. This act of ritual cleansing was required before they could enter the holy place or minister at the altar, signifying the holiness necessary to approach God.
A Picture of Christ's Cleansing:
One scholar highlights that the laver serves as a powerful symbol, or 'type,' of Christ. Just as the water provided physical cleansing for the priests, it points forward to the spiritual cleansing from sin available through Jesus. This connects to the prophecy in Zechariah 13:1 about a 'fountain opened...for sin and uncleanness.'
Worship Without Delay:
Drawing a broader lesson from the setup of the tabernacle, one commentator urges believers not to postpone their devotion to God. Israel set up the tabernacle in the wilderness, not waiting until they reached the promised land. This teaches that serving God is an immediate priority, not something to be put off until life feels more settled.
a type of that laver or fountain opened for the house of David and inhabitants of Jerusalem to wash in, ([Reference Zechariah 13:1]) .
John Gill
Verse 31
Cleansing for Service:
Commentators explain that the washing of hands and feet at the bronze laver was a required act of purification for the priests before they could minister. This ritual cleansing symbolized the holiness required to approach a holy God and serve in His presence, as instructed in Exodus 30.
An Act of Consecration:
One scholar highlights that this verse likely describes a specific, inaugural event. Moses, acting in a priestly capacity, washed alongside Aaron and his sons as a key part of their consecration ceremony. This was the first official use of the laver for its sacred purpose.
Worship in the Wilderness:
The detailed rituals, like this washing, were established while Israel was still unsettled in the wilderness. One commentator uses this to remind believers not to postpone religious devotion until life is more stable. A relationship with God is essential for the journey, not just the destination.
This laver was for the priests, and Moses, officiating as a priest, washed in it, with Aaron, and his sons, whom he was now about to consecrate to the priest's office, and invest with it by offering sacrifice for them;
John Gill
Verse 32
Continual Purification:
Commentators explain that the washing described was not a one-time event but a constant requirement. Every time the priests entered the tent of meeting or approached the altar to serve, they had to wash. This underscores the ongoing need for purification when entering the presence of a holy God.
Obedience in Every Detail:
John Gill highlights the repeated phrase "as the Lord commanded Moses," which appears frequently in these chapters. This repetition emphasizes that every action, including the specific act of washing, was performed in exact obedience to God's detailed instructions, leaving no room for human preference or judgment.
Don't Wait to Worship:
Matthew Henry draws an application from the establishment of worship in the wilderness. He suggests that believers should not wait until their lives are "settled" to begin serving God. The need for worship and purification is immediate and essential, regardless of one's current life circumstances.
This phrase is near twenty times expressed in this and the preceding chapter, to show that everything was done by the workmen, and everything put in its proper place by Moses, exactly according to the will of God; no one pursuing his own fancy and private judgment, but all consulting the mind of God, and acting according to that.
John Gill
Verse 33
Don't Wait to Worship:
Matthew Henry draws a powerful application from this verse. The Israelites didn't wait until they were settled in Canaan to erect the tabernacle; they did it in the wilderness. This teaches that our devotion to God is not something to be postponed until life is perfect or stable. Faith is for the here and now, especially during life's unsettled 'wilderness' periods, as we are not guaranteed tomorrow.
Faithful Completion:
The simple phrase 'So Moses finished the work' signifies the faithful completion of God's detailed instructions. Commentators note that this final act of assembly was the culmination of months of careful craftsmanship. It highlights the importance of obedience and seeing through the tasks God has given us, fulfilling His design completely and without deviation.
A tabernacle for God is very necessary, even in a wilderness, especially as we may be in another world before we come to settle in this one.
Matthew Henry
Verse 34
God's Visible Promise:
All commentators agree that the cloud and the glory were a tangible, undeniable sign of God's presence. This event fulfilled His promise to dwell among His people, confirming that the tabernacle was not just a human project but God's chosen sanctuary. As one scholar notes, this visible sign was meant to end any doubt about whether the Lord was truly with them.
The Awe of God's Glory:
The glory of the Lord was described as an overwhelmingly brilliant light and fire, so dazzling that even Moses could not enter. Commentators suggest this was intentional, designed to instill a profound sense of reverence and awe for God's holiness. It served as a powerful reminder that God's presence is sacred and unapproachable apart from His own provision.
A Glimpse of Christ:
Multiple commentators highlight this event as a foreshadowing of Jesus Christ. The glory filling the tabernacle is seen as an emblem of the fullness of God dwelling in Christ's human body. While Moses was barred by the glory, scholars point to Jesus, our High Priest, who has entered God's presence on our behalf and invites us to approach God boldly through Him.
It pleased God in this way to manifest His intention of fulfilling His promise to go with the people in person.
Charles Ellicott
Verse 35
God's Overwhelming Presence:
Commentators explain that the 'glory of the Lord' filling the Tabernacle was so powerful and dazzling that even Moses, who had spoken with God on Sinai, was unable to enter. This event, mirrored at the dedication of Solomon's Temple, powerfully demonstrates God's immense holiness and the awe His manifest presence commands.
Access Through Christ Alone:
Matthew Henry highlights a profound truth: what Moses could not do, Jesus has done. Moses' inability to enter the holy place underscores humanity's inability to approach a holy God on our own. Jesus, our great High Priest, is the one who has entered God's presence for us, granting believers bold access to the throne of grace.
A New Protocol for Worship:
Scholars suggest Moses' inability to enter signaled a new protocol for approaching God. With God now dwelling among His people in the Tabernacle, access was no longer as it had been on the mountain. Moses had to wait to be called (Leviticus 1:1), showing that God alone sets the terms for how He is to be approached in worship.
But what Moses could not do, our Lord Jesus has done, whom God caused to draw near; and who has invited us to come boldly, even to the mercy-seat.
Matthew Henry
Verse 36
God's Unmistakable Signal:
All commentators agree that the cloud's movement was a direct and unmistakable command from God. When the cloud lifted from the Tabernacle, it was the divine signal for the entire nation of Israel to pack up and continue their journey. This wasn't a suggestion, but a clear directive for their travels.
A Visible Sign of Presence:
Commentators like Matthew Henry emphasize that the cloud was a constant, visible sign of God's presence, visible day and night. Its purpose was to give Israel tangible assurance, so they would never again have to ask, 'Is the Lord among us, or is he not?' The cloud was not just a guide, but a comforting promise of His nearness.
Following the Spirit's Lead:
Scholars draw a parallel between Israel following the cloud and the Christian's walk with God. Just as Israel moved only when the cloud moved, believers are called to follow the leading of God, the example of Christ, and the guidance of the Holy Spirit. This requires obedience to His commands and attentiveness to His direction in our lives.
thus the saints are to be followers of God as dear children, and to follow the Lamb whithersoever he goes or directs, and walk after the Spirit, the dictates and directions thereof;
John Gill
Verse 37
The Discipline of Waiting:
Commentators emphasize that Israel's obedience was absolute. They would not journey, even if the cloud remained stationary for days, a month, or a year. This illustrates a profound principle of faith: trusting and waiting on God's timing, rather than moving forward based on human impatience or planning.
God's Unmistakable Guidance:
The stationary cloud was not an ambiguous sign; it was a clear, divine command to stay put. Scholars like Matthew Henry note that this constant, visible presence was meant to assure Israel that God was indeed among them, removing any doubt about His immediate will for the community.
From the Cloud to Christ:
Matthew Henry draws a powerful parallel for Christians. Just as the cloud guided Israel, Jesus Christ now guides believers. While the awesome glory of God's presence kept even Moses at a distance, Jesus has made a way for us to draw near. By following His example and obeying His commands, we are led safely to our heavenly home.
While the cloud rested on the tabernacle, they rested; when it removed, they followed it.
Matthew Henry
Verse 38
A Constant Sign of God's Presence:
Commentators agree that the cloud by day and fire by night served as a constant, undeniable sign of God's presence. As Matthew Henry notes, this visible token was meant to permanently answer the question, "Is the Lord among us, or is he not?" It was a continuous reassurance for all of Israel to see throughout their journeys.
God's Personal, Active Guidance:
John Calvin highlights that the cloud's movements were intentionally irregular. It didn't follow a predictable pattern, proving it was not a natural phenomenon but the active, moment-by-moment guidance of a caring Father. This variety in resting and moving demonstrated God's personal direction for every step of their journey.
The Cloud Points to Christ:
Scholars connect this Old Testament sign to New Testament reality. While the cloud provided physical guidance, it foreshadows the spiritual guidance believers now receive through Jesus Christ. As Matthew Henry explains, Christians are now led by depending on Christ, attending his ordinances, and obeying his precepts to navigate the wilderness of this life.
This cloud was a sign of God's presence, to be seen day and night by all Israel, that they might never again question, "Is the Lord among us, or is he not?"
Matthew Henry
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