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Verse Takeaways
1
A Judicial Hardening
All three commentators agree that this is a 'judicial hardening.' This means God's action was not arbitrary but a just response to Pharaoh's repeated, willful rebellion. Because Pharaoh first hardened his own heart (Ex. 8:15, 32), God confirmed him in that choice, giving him over to his own stubbornness as a form of judgment.
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Book Overview
Exodus
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Commentaries
3
Charles Ellicott
On Exodus 9:12
19th Century
Bishop
The Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh. —The judicial punitive hardening of Pharaoh’s heart by God Himself now began. As with the …
John Gill
On Exodus 9:12
17th Century
Pastor
And the Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh He having often, and so long hardened his own heart, God gave him up to judici…
Matthew Henry
On Exodus 9:8–12
17th Century
Minister
When the Egyptians were not moved by the death of their cattle, God sent a plague that seized their own bodies. If lesser judgments do not work, Go…