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So then, he has mercy on whom he desires, and he hardens whom he desires.
Verse Takeaways
1
God's Sovereign Choice
This verse is a direct conclusion Paul draws from the examples of Jacob and Pharaoh. Commentators agree it's one of the Bible's clearest statements on God's sovereignty. The core message is that God, in His perfect freedom and justice, is the ultimate source of both mercy for the saved and the judicial hardening of those who persist in rebellion.
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Book Overview
Romans
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10
18th Century
Presbyterian
Therefore he has mercy, and so on. This is a conclusion stated by the apostle as the result of all the argument.
Whom he will h…
He hardeneth (σκληρυνε). Pharaoh hardened his own heart also (Exodus 8:15,32; 9:34), but God gives men up also (1:24,2…
19th Century
Anglican
Summary conclusion from the above.
He hardeneth.—The doctrine of divine sovereignty is expressed here in its most …
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Baptist
Even for this same purpose I have raised you up, that I might show my power in you, and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth…
God’s dealings with Jacob and Esau might be challenged as arbitrary, on the ground that Esau was the object of injustice. To demonstrate that this …
16th Century
Protestant
To whom he wills then he showeth mercy, etc. Here follows the conclusion of both parts, which can by no means be understood as being the l…
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17th Century
Reformed Baptist
Therefore has he mercy on whom he will These are the express words of the former testimony: it follows,
Whatever God does, must be just. The way in which the holy, happy people of God differ from others, God's grace alone makes them differ. In this pr…
13th Century
Catholic
After showing that by God’s choice one person is preferred to another—not based on works but on the grace of the one calling—the Apostle …
