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1
Persecution Isn't Just Physical
Paul describes Ishmael's "mocking" of Isaac as persecution. Commentators like Calvin explain that this spiritual attack—ridiculing faith and undermining God's promises—is often more venomous than physical violence. This reminds believers that contempt for the gospel is a severe form of opposition they should expect.
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Book Overview
Galatians
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Commentaries
8
Albert Barnes
On Galatians 4:29
18th Century
Theologian
But as then he that was born after the flesh—this refers to Ishmael ().
Persecuted him that was born after the Spirit—this…
AT Robertson
On Galatians 4:29
Persecuted (εδιωκεν). Imperfect active of διωκω, to pursue, to persecute. Genesis 21:9 has in Hebrew "laughing," but th…
Charles Ellicott
On Galatians 4:29
19th Century
Bishop
Persecuted.—The expression used in Genesis 21:9 is translated in our version “mocking.” It seems doubtful whether the Hebrew can r…
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Charles Spurgeon
On Galatians 4:27–29
19th Century
Preacher
For it is written, Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not: break forth and cry, thou that travailest not: for the desolate hath many more childr…
Expositor's Bible Commentary
On Galatians 4:29
In the third section of this treatment of the Hagar and Sarah story, Paul applies the allegory to all Christians, pointing out that because they ar…
John Calvin
On Galatians 4:29
16th Century
Theologian
As then, he that was born after the flesh. He denounces the cruelty of the false apostles, who wantonly insulted pious persons that placed…
John Gill
On Galatians 4:29
17th Century
Pastor
But as then
In the times of Abraham, when Hagar and Sarah, the types of the two dispensations of the covenant, and I…
Matthew Henry
On Galatians 4:28–31
17th Century
Minister
This history, having been explained, is now applied. So then, brethren, we are not children of the bond-woman, but of the free. If the pri…